Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Butanol Fuel shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Butanol Fuel offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Butanol Fuel at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Butanol Fuel? Wrong! If the Butanol Fuel is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Butanol Fuel then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Butanol Fuel? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Butanol Fuel and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Butanol Fuel wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Butanol Fuel then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Butanol Fuel site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Butanol Fuel, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Butanol Fuel, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. Because its long hydrocarbon chains cause it to be fairly nonpolar, it is more similar to gasoline than ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in some vehicles designed for use with gasoline without any modification. butanol.com It can be produced from biomass (biobutanol) as well as fossil fuels. Some call this biofuel biobutanol to reflect its origin, although it has the same chemical properties as butanol produced from petroleum.

Production of butanol from biomass Butanol can be produced by Fermentation (biochemistry) of biomass by the A.B.E. process. The process uses the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism. It was Chaim Weizmann who first used this bacteria for the production of acetone from starch (with the main use of acetone being the making of Cordite) in 1916. The butanol was a by-product of this fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The process also creates a recoverable amount of Hydrogen2 and a number of other by-products: acetic acid, lactic acid and propionic acids, acetone, isopropanol and ethanol.

The difference from ethanol production is primarily in the fermentation of the feedstock — producing butanol rather than ethanol like primary fermentation product and minor changes in distillation. The feedstocks are the same as for ethanol — energy crops such as sugar beets, sugar cane, maize grain, wheat and cassava as well as agricultural byproducts such as straw and maize stalk (botany)s. According to DuPont, existing bioethanol plants can cost-effectively be retrofitted to biobutanol production. DuPont Fact Sheet on Biobutanol

Distribution Butanol better tolerates water contamination and is less corrosive than ethanol and more suitable for distribution through existing Pipeline transports for gasoline.http://www.dupont.com/ag/news/releases/BP_DuPont_Fact_Sheet_Biobutanol.pdf In blends with diesel or gasoline, butanol is less likely to separate from this fuel than ethanol if the fuel is contaminated with water. http://www.dupont.com/ag/news/releases/BP_DuPont_Fact_Sheet_Biobutanol.pdf There is also a vapor pressure co-blend synergy with butanol and gasoline containing ethanol, which facilitates ethanol blending. This facilitates storage and distribution of blended fuels. DuPont Fact Sheet Biobutanol ext.colostate.edu USAtoday

Properties of common fuels {| class="wikitable"! Fuel! Energy density
Energy density! air-fuel ratio
air-fuel ratio! Specific energy
Specific energy! Heat of vaporization
Heat of vaporization! Octane rating! Octane rating|-| [Gasoline| 29.2 MJ/L| 11.2| 3.2 MJ/kg air| 0.43 MJ/kg|   96|   78|-| [Ethanol| 16 MJ/L|   6.5| 3.1 MJ/kg air| 1.2 MJ/kg| 136| 104|-|}

Energy content and effects on fuel economy Switching a gasoline engine over to butanol would in theory result in a fuel consumption penalty of about 10% (32/29.2 = 1.095..., -1 = 0.095... = about 9.5%) but butanol's effect on mileage is yet to be determined by a scientific study. While the energy density for any mixture of gasoline and butanol can be calculated, tests with other alcohol fuels have demonstrated that the effect on fuel economy is not proportional to the change in energy density. ethanol.org

Octane rating The octane rating of n-butanol is similar to that of gasoline but lower than that of ethanol and methanol. n-Butanol has a RON (Octane rating) of 96 and a MON (Octane rating) of 78 while t-butanol has octane ratings of 105 RON and 89 MON. UNEP.org-Properties of oxygenates t-Butanol is used as an additive in gasoline but can't be used as a fuel in its pure form since the melting point is 25.5 °C - in other words, it gels when cool. http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/smurov/orgsoltab.htm

A fuel with a higher octane rating is less prone to engine knock (extremely rapid and spontaneous combustion by compression) and the control system of any modern car engine can take advantage of this by adjusting the ignition timing. This will improve energy efficiency, leading to a better fuel economy than the comparisons of energy content different fuels indicate. By increasing the compression ratio, further gains in fuel economy, power and torque can be achieved. Conversely, a fuel with lower octane rating is more prone to knocking and will lower efficiency. Knocking can also cause engine damage.

Air-fuel ratio Alcohol fuels, including butanol and ethanol, are partially oxidized and therefore need to run at richer mixtures than gasoline. Standard gasoline engines in cars can adjust the air-fuel ratio to accommodate variations in the fuel, but only within certain limits depending on model. If the limit is exceeded by running the engine on pure butanol or a gasoline blend with a high percentage of butanol, the engine will run lean, something which can damage it. Compared to ethanol, butanol can be mixed in higher ratios with gasoline for use in existing cars without the need for retrofit as the air-fuel ratio and energy content is closer to that of gasoline. ext.colostate.edu USA today

Specific energy Alcohol fuels have less energy per unit weight and unit volume than gasoline. To make it possible to compare the net energy released per cycle a measure called the fuels specific energy is sometimes used. It is defined as the energy released per air fuel ratio. The net energy released per cycle is higher for butanol than ethanol or methanol and about 10% higher than for gasoline.

Viscosity {| class="wikitable" align="right"!Substance!Kinematic
viscosity
at 20°C|-|Butanol|3.64 cSt|-|Ethanol|1.52 cSt|-|Methanol|0.64 cSt|-|Gasoline|0.4–0.8 cSt|-|Diesel|>3 cSt|-|Water|1.0 cSt|-|}

The viscosity of alcohols increase with longer carbon chains. For this reason, butanol is used as an alternative to shorter alcohols when a more viscous solvent is desired. The kinematic viscosity of butanol is several times higher than that of gasoline and about as viscous as high quality diesel fuel. Engineering Toolbox

Heat of vaporization The fuel in an engine has to be vaporized before it will burn. Insufficient vaporization is a known problem with alcohol fuels during cold starts in cold weather. As the latent heat of vaporization of butanol is less than half of that of ethanol, an engine running on butanol should be easier to start in cold weather than one running on ethanol or methanol. ext.colostate.edu

Potential problems with the use of butanol fuel The potential problems with the use of butanol are similar to those of ethanol:

As an advantage, butanol production from biomass could be more efficient (i.e. unit engine motive power delivered per unit solar energy consumed) than ethanol or methanol routes. Also, some bacteria that produce butanol are able to digest cellulose, not just starch and sugars.

Possible butanol fuel mixtures Standards for the blending of ethanol and methanol in gasoline exist in many countries, including the EU, the US and Brazil. Approximate equivalent butanol blends can be calculated from the relations between the stochiometric fuel-air ratio of butanol, ethanol and gasoline. Common ethanol fuel mixtures for fuel sold as gasoline currently range from 5% to 10%. The share of butanol can be 60% greater than the equivalent ethanol share, which gives a range from 8% to 32%. "Equivalent" in this case refers only to the vehicle's ability to adjust to the fuel. Other properties such as energy density, viscosity and heat of vaporisation will vary and may further limit the percentage of butanol that can be blended with gasoline.

Current use of butanol in vehicles Currently no production vehicle is known to be approved by the manufacturer for use with 100% butanol, though any model that is able to run 10% ethanol blends should be able to use butanol without any problems.

David Ramey drove from Blacklick, Ohio to San Diego, California using butanol in an unmodified 1992 Buick Park Avenue. butanol.com greencarcongress Although further long term testing must be done, it is highly likely that most late model cars can run on 100% butanol safely with no modifications.

Research Challenges The key research challenge that must be resolved is that butanol production inhibits microbial growth even at low concentrations. The result is that the product of the fermentation is less than 2% butanol. The overwhelming majority of the fermentation broth is water, so an energy-intensive distillation step is required for purification. This may be acceptable if the goal is to produce butanol for use as a solvent, but if butanol is to gain traction as a motor fuel, energy inputs into the process need to be minimized. R-Squared Energy Blog

See also

External links

Notes

References External links

Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. Because its long hydrocarbon chains cause it to be fairly nonpolar, it is more similar to gasoline than ethanol. Butanol has been demonstrated to work in some vehicles designed for use with gasoline without any modification. butanol.com It can be produced from biomass (biobutanol) as well as fossil fuels. Some call this biofuel biobutanol to reflect its origin, although it has the same chemical properties as butanol produced from petroleum.

Production of butanol from biomass Butanol can be produced by Fermentation (biochemistry) of biomass by the A.B.E. process. The process uses the bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism. It was Chaim Weizmann who first used this bacteria for the production of acetone from starch (with the main use of acetone being the making of Cordite) in 1916. The butanol was a by-product of this fermentation (twice as much butanol was produced). The process also creates a recoverable amount of Hydrogen2 and a number of other by-products: acetic acid, lactic acid and propionic acids, acetone, isopropanol and ethanol.

The difference from ethanol production is primarily in the fermentation of the feedstock — producing butanol rather than ethanol like primary fermentation product and minor changes in distillation. The feedstocks are the same as for ethanol — energy crops such as sugar beets, sugar cane, maize grain, wheat and cassava as well as agricultural byproducts such as straw and maize stalk (botany)s. According to DuPont, existing bioethanol plants can cost-effectively be retrofitted to biobutanol production. DuPont Fact Sheet on Biobutanol

Distribution Butanol better tolerates water contamination and is less corrosive than ethanol and more suitable for distribution through existing Pipeline transports for gasoline.http://www.dupont.com/ag/news/releases/BP_DuPont_Fact_Sheet_Biobutanol.pdf In blends with diesel or gasoline, butanol is less likely to separate from this fuel than ethanol if the fuel is contaminated with water. http://www.dupont.com/ag/news/releases/BP_DuPont_Fact_Sheet_Biobutanol.pdf There is also a vapor pressure co-blend synergy with butanol and gasoline containing ethanol, which facilitates ethanol blending. This facilitates storage and distribution of blended fuels. DuPont Fact Sheet Biobutanol ext.colostate.edu USAtoday

Properties of common fuels {| class="wikitable"! Fuel! Energy density
Energy density! air-fuel ratio
air-fuel ratio! Specific energy
Specific energy! Heat of vaporization
Heat of vaporization! Octane rating! Octane rating|-| [Gasoline| 29.2 MJ/L| 11.2| 3.2 MJ/kg air| 0.43 MJ/kg|   96|   78|-| [Ethanol| 16 MJ/L|   6.5| 3.1 MJ/kg air| 1.2 MJ/kg| 136| 104|-|}

Energy content and effects on fuel economy Switching a gasoline engine over to butanol would in theory result in a fuel consumption penalty of about 10% (32/29.2 = 1.095..., -1 = 0.095... = about 9.5%) but butanol's effect on mileage is yet to be determined by a scientific study. While the energy density for any mixture of gasoline and butanol can be calculated, tests with other alcohol fuels have demonstrated that the effect on fuel economy is not proportional to the change in energy density. ethanol.org

Octane rating The octane rating of n-butanol is similar to that of gasoline but lower than that of ethanol and methanol. n-Butanol has a RON (Octane rating) of 96 and a MON (Octane rating) of 78 while t-butanol has octane ratings of 105 RON and 89 MON. UNEP.org-Properties of oxygenates t-Butanol is used as an additive in gasoline but can't be used as a fuel in its pure form since the melting point is 25.5 °C - in other words, it gels when cool. http://virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/smurov/orgsoltab.htm

A fuel with a higher octane rating is less prone to engine knock (extremely rapid and spontaneous combustion by compression) and the control system of any modern car engine can take advantage of this by adjusting the ignition timing. This will improve energy efficiency, leading to a better fuel economy than the comparisons of energy content different fuels indicate. By increasing the compression ratio, further gains in fuel economy, power and torque can be achieved. Conversely, a fuel with lower octane rating is more prone to knocking and will lower efficiency. Knocking can also cause engine damage.

Air-fuel ratio Alcohol fuels, including butanol and ethanol, are partially oxidized and therefore need to run at richer mixtures than gasoline. Standard gasoline engines in cars can adjust the air-fuel ratio to accommodate variations in the fuel, but only within certain limits depending on model. If the limit is exceeded by running the engine on pure butanol or a gasoline blend with a high percentage of butanol, the engine will run lean, something which can damage it. Compared to ethanol, butanol can be mixed in higher ratios with gasoline for use in existing cars without the need for retrofit as the air-fuel ratio and energy content is closer to that of gasoline. ext.colostate.edu USA today

Specific energy Alcohol fuels have less energy per unit weight and unit volume than gasoline. To make it possible to compare the net energy released per cycle a measure called the fuels specific energy is sometimes used. It is defined as the energy released per air fuel ratio. The net energy released per cycle is higher for butanol than ethanol or methanol and about 10% higher than for gasoline.

Viscosity {| class="wikitable" align="right"!Substance!Kinematic
viscosity
at 20°C|-|Butanol|3.64 cSt|-|Ethanol|1.52 cSt|-|Methanol|0.64 cSt|-|Gasoline|0.4–0.8 cSt|-|Diesel|>3 cSt|-|Water|1.0 cSt|-|}

The viscosity of alcohols increase with longer carbon chains. For this reason, butanol is used as an alternative to shorter alcohols when a more viscous solvent is desired. The kinematic viscosity of butanol is several times higher than that of gasoline and about as viscous as high quality diesel fuel. Engineering Toolbox

Heat of vaporization The fuel in an engine has to be vaporized before it will burn. Insufficient vaporization is a known problem with alcohol fuels during cold starts in cold weather. As the latent heat of vaporization of butanol is less than half of that of ethanol, an engine running on butanol should be easier to start in cold weather than one running on ethanol or methanol. ext.colostate.edu

Potential problems with the use of butanol fuel The potential problems with the use of butanol are similar to those of ethanol:

As an advantage, butanol production from biomass could be more efficient (i.e. unit engine motive power delivered per unit solar energy consumed) than ethanol or methanol routes. Also, some bacteria that produce butanol are able to digest cellulose, not just starch and sugars.

Possible butanol fuel mixtures Standards for the blending of ethanol and methanol in gasoline exist in many countries, including the EU, the US and Brazil. Approximate equivalent butanol blends can be calculated from the relations between the stochiometric fuel-air ratio of butanol, ethanol and gasoline. Common ethanol fuel mixtures for fuel sold as gasoline currently range from 5% to 10%. The share of butanol can be 60% greater than the equivalent ethanol share, which gives a range from 8% to 32%. "Equivalent" in this case refers only to the vehicle's ability to adjust to the fuel. Other properties such as energy density, viscosity and heat of vaporisation will vary and may further limit the percentage of butanol that can be blended with gasoline.

Current use of butanol in vehicles Currently no production vehicle is known to be approved by the manufacturer for use with 100% butanol, though any model that is able to run 10% ethanol blends should be able to use butanol without any problems.

David Ramey drove from Blacklick, Ohio to San Diego, California using butanol in an unmodified 1992 Buick Park Avenue. butanol.com greencarcongress Although further long term testing must be done, it is highly likely that most late model cars can run on 100% butanol safely with no modifications.

Research Challenges The key research challenge that must be resolved is that butanol production inhibits microbial growth even at low concentrations. The result is that the product of the fermentation is less than 2% butanol. The overwhelming majority of the fermentation broth is water, so an energy-intensive distillation step is required for purification. This may be acceptable if the goal is to produce butanol for use as a solvent, but if butanol is to gain traction as a motor fuel, energy inputs into the process need to be minimized. R-Squared Energy Blog

See also

External links

Notes

References External links



Butanol fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Butanol may be used as a fuel in an internal combustion engine. Because its longer hydrocarbon chain causes it to be fairly nonpolar, it is more similar to gasoline than is ethanol ...

Butanol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Butanol or butyl alcohol (sometimes also called biobutanol when produced biologically), is a primary alcohol with a 4 carbon structure and the molecular formula of C 4 H 10 O.

ButylFuel,LLC Main Page
Working to produce butanol using common agricultural feedstocks not only for use as a solvent, but as a fuel that can replace gasoline. Compares butanol to gasoline, future plans ...

CO2 to Butanol
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Butanol is an alcohol that can be used as a transport fuel. It is a higher member of the series of straight chain alcohols with each molecule of butanol (C 4 H 10 O) containing ...

Green Car Congress: Boosting Biomass-to...Butanol?
Online news, features and analysis ... An Ohio inventor has taken to the road to promote butanol as an alternative fuel to ethanol as well as his process for producing it from the ...

A Butanol Economy
Economy, Butanol, ethanol, ... Butyl-Fuel™’ & ‘Freedom Fuel’ Since the 1970’s oil shortage, there has been a need for a safe hydrogen dense liquid that can replace ...

Alberta - IGEM07
The Butanerds wanted to further evaluate the use of butanol as a fuel in standard spark ignition engines. With the assistance of The University of Alberta's Engine Control Lab in ...

Technology Review: BP's Bet on Butanol
Forget ethanol: it's hard to transport and gives bad mileage per gallon. Another alcohol, butanol, is a much better renewable fuel, says the president of BP Biofuels.

Butanol as the nex gen fuel - Science Forums
So this has sparked my interest, and will perhaps spark yours too My interest in butanol requires a mention of a device that someone came up with that

 

Butanol Fuel



 
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